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How to register an SBR

5D Tactical - 26th Jun 2023

Short-Barreled Rifles (SBRs) are highly sought after by all of us gun enthusiasts. With their compact size, enhanced maneuverability, and seeing as it's what much of our military elite uses it's hard not to want one.

However, owning a rifle or carbine with a barrel that's shorter than 16" comes with a unique set of legal requirements and registration processes that must be followed. Let's go over them and better understand how to register an SBR in compliance with federal laws and regulations.

Legal Disclaimer: Please note that we are not lawyers and that gun regulations are often subject to change. This information in this article is not to be taken as legal advice. It is meant to inform and entertain. If you require legal advice please consult an attorney. Readers are responsible for checking with federal, state, and local laws in order to remain compliant with gun regulations.

What is an SBR?

Daniel Defense SBR example chambered in 300 BLK

Photo Credit: Daniel Defense

An SBR, or Short-Barreled Rifle, is a type of firearm regulated under federal law due to its compact size and specific dimensions. To provide a clearer understanding of what constitutes an SBR and the different types of firearms that can fall under this classification, we'll break down the key characteristics and definitions.

Definition of an SBR

Under the National Firearms Act (NFA), a short-barreled rifle is defined as a rifle with:

  • A barrel length of fewer than 16 inches
  • An overall length of fewer than 26 inches

These dimensions make SBRs more compact and maneuverable than traditional rifles, advantageous for certain applications such as home defense or close-quarters scenarios.

Types of Firearms Classified as SBRs

Various firearms can be classified as SBRs if they meet the aforementioned requirements. Examples include:

  • Rifles: Firearms designed to be fired from the shoulder, using energy from a fixed cartridge to fire a projectile through a rifled barrel. If a rifle has a barrel shorter than 16 inches or an overall length fewer than 26 inches, it's considered a short barelled rifle.
  • Shotguns: Smoothbore firearms designed to be fired from the shoulder, capable of discharging multiple projectiles (shot) or a single projectile (slug) with each trigger pull. While the term "SBR" is not typically applied to short-barreled shotguns (instead called SBSs), they are also regulated under the NFA and have similar legal requirements.
  • AR-15 Pistols: Firearms built on AR-15 platforms but configured as pistols can be transformed into SBRs if a shoulder stock is added, reducing the overall length to less than 26 inches.

Understanding SBR Legal Requirements

To legally own and possess an SBR, you must comply with the regulations set by the National Firearms Act (NFA) and any additional state-specific laws. Let's explore the key legal requirements for registering an SBR.

National Firearms Act (NFA)

The NFA, enacted in 1934, is a federal law that regulates the manufacture, transfer, and possession of certain firearms, including SBRs. To legally own an SBR, you must:

  • Efile Form 1 for SBR to register the firearm with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF).
  • Pay a $200 tax stamp fee.
  • Submit fingerprints and passport-style photos.
  • Undergo a background check.

Age and Residency Requirements

To register a short-barreled rifle, you must:

  • Be at least 21 years old.
  • Be a U.S. citizen or legal resident.
  • Reside in a state that allows SBR ownership.

State-Specific Legal Considerations

While federal law sets the foundation for SBR ownership, state laws can impose additional restrictions or requirements. It's important to research and understand the laws in your state to ensure compliance. Some states may:

  • Require additional permits or licenses for SBR ownership.
  • Impose more stringent regulations on SBR possession, transportation, or storage.
  • Prohibit certain types of SBRs or calibers.

Which States Allow SBRs?

SBR legality map

Photo Credit: Midwest Gun Works

While many states allow SBRs without additional restrictions, some have specific requirements or prohibitions. The states that have restrictions in place regarding the ownership or outright bans are:

  • California
  • Connecticut
  • Hawaii
  • Illinois
  • Maryland
  • Massachusetts
  • New Jersey
  • New York
  • Rhode Island
  • Washington

It is crucial to research and understand state-specific laws regarding SBRs before proceeding with the registration process.

Selecting the Right SBR

Harmless on its own, a short and complete AR15 upper. Paired with a lower receiver that has a butt stock (without a pistol brace) and it becomes a short-barreled rifle. Photo Credit: Thomas Tucker - Unsplash

Choosing the ideal SBR involves evaluating factors such as intended use, personal preferences, performance, and budget. It's crucial to work with a reputable manufacturer or dealer to ensure NFA compliance. Let's see what's the right SBR for you.

Intended Use

The primary purpose of your SBR will significantly influence your selection. Consider the following scenarios:

  • Home Defense: Seek a compact SBR with minimal recoil, quick target acquisition, and a suitable caliber for stopping threats.
  • Hunting: Opt for an SBR with better accuracy, range, and caliber, while considering weight and balance for carrying and shooting stability.
  • Target Shooting: Choose an SBR with excellent ergonomics, balance, and a good trigger, as well as customization options for accessories.

Personal Preferences

  • Ergonomics: Test various SBRs to find one that feels comfortable and natural to handle.
  • Aesthetics: Select a firearm that meets your style preferences in terms of design, finish, and overall look.
  • Caliber: Choose an SBR chambered in a caliber you are comfortable shooting, considering factors such as recoil and ammunition availability.

By taking the time to evaluate these factors, you can select the right SBR that meets your needs, preferences, and budget while ensuring compliance with federal and state laws.

Step-by-Step SBR Registration Process

  1. Visit the ATF eForms website: https://eforms.atf.gov/
  2. Register for an account and log in.
  3. E-file the ATF Form 1 for SBR(Application to Make and Register a Firearm) or Form 4 for SBR(used to transfer an NFA Firearm to a non-FFL i.e. buying an SBR from a dealer) electronically. Be sure to attach digital passport-style photos and scanned fingerprints to your ATF Form 1 submission. Use a Silencer Shop Kiosk near you to get your fingerprints scanned.
  4. Pay the $200 tax stamp fee using the eForms portal. You will receive an email confirmation once your payment has been processed.
  5. Wait for the ATF to review your application, conduct a background check, and approve your tax stamp. Approval times can vary, typically ranging from a few weeks to several months.
  6. Once approved, you will receive an email containing a PDF of your approved Form 1 for SBR with the affixed tax stamp. Print a copy of your SBR paperwork and keep it with your firearm at all times or save it on your phone as it serves as proof of registration and legal ownership.

Tips for a Smooth SBR Registration

To ensure a smooth SBR registration process, follow these practical tips:

  • Double-check your SBR paperwork for accuracy and completeness before submitting it to avoid delays or rejections.
  • Keep copies of all submitted documents, including your approved Form 1 and tax stamp, in case you need to provide proof of registration in the future.
  • Stay informed about any changes to NFA regulations or state laws that may affect your SBR ownership or registration requirements.
  • Consider consulting with a knowledgeable firearms attorney or expert if you have questions or concerns about the registration process.

Troubleshooting and FAQs

Q: What if my ATF Form 1 application is rejected or denied?
A: Review the reason for rejection or denial provided by the ATF. In many cases, errors or missing information can be corrected and the form resubmitted. If you are unsure about how to proceed with your SBR registration, consult a firearms attorney or expert for guidance.

Q: How long is the tax stamp valid?
A: The tax stamp is valid for the life of the SBR, as long as you remain the registered owner and maintain compliance with all NFA regulations.

Q: Can I transfer ownership of my SBR to someone else?
A: Yes, but to complete the new SBR paperwork you must follow specific guidelines outlined by the ATF. A new Form 4 (Application for Tax Paid Transfer and Registration of Firearm) must be completed, and the new owner must pay the $200 transfer tax and undergo a background check.

You're ready! Let us know how it goes for you.

Registering an SBR involves understanding the legal requirements, selecting the right firearm, and following a detailed registration process. Complying with federal and state laws is an essential aspect of responsible gun ownership. If you need parts, accessories, or further guidance for your SBR, be sure to check out 5D Tactical's selection and explore our other informative blog posts.